簡述契訶夫短篇小說的創(chuàng)作特色。
簡析《悲慘世界》的主題。
簡述當(dāng)代東方文學(xué)的基本特征。
簡述現(xiàn)代東方文學(xué)的基本特征。
簡述近代東方文學(xué)的基本特征。
簡述中古東方文學(xué)的基本特征。
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二、多元文學(xué)的發(fā)展概況
（1）他的小說多選取普通生活中的平常事，通過人物對話和細(xì)節(jié)的樸素描繪，自然而然地反映社會現(xiàn)象背后的善惡是非，揭示出生活的本質(zhì)，從而達(dá)到見微知著的藝術(shù)效果。（2分）
（2）契訶夫在短篇小說中采取不動聲色的敘述態(tài)度，不論作者對所述故事及故事中的人物持肯定或否定、贊揚(yáng)或批判、同情或憎惡的立場，他都能夠做到含而不露，客觀冷峻，不輕易發(fā)表議論，通過作品本身提供給讀者判斷依據(jù)。作者的主觀態(tài)度完全融入冷靜客觀的藝術(shù)描寫之中。（2分）
（3）契訶夫的小說沒有大篇幅的景物描寫，少見曲折離奇的情節(jié)，缺少變化劇烈的戲劇性沖突，語言簡潔，不加綴飾。但人物性格特點(diǎn)卻通過個(gè)性化語言得到了突出體現(xiàn)。（2分）
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- 材料全屏? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Rare Fossil Record? ? ?The preservation of embryos and juveniles is a rare occurrence in the fossil record. The tiny delicate skeletons are usually scattered by scavengers(食腐動物)weathering before they can be fossilized Ichthyosaurs(魚龍) had a higher chance of being preserved than did terrestrial creatures be-cause, as marine animals, they tended to live in environments less subject to erosion. Still, their fossilization required a suite of factors: a slow rate of decay of soft tissues, little scavenging by other animals, a lack of swift currents and waves to jumble and carry away small bones, and fairly rapid burial. Given these factors, some areas have become a treasury of well-preserved ichthyosaur fossils.? ? The deposits at Holzmaden, Germany, present an interesting case for analysis. The ichthyosaur remains are found in black, bituminous marine shales(頁巖)deposited about 190 million years ago. Over the years, thousands of specimens of marine reptiles, fish and invertebrates have been recovered from these rocks. The quality of preservation is outstanding, but what is even more impressive is the number of ichthyosaur fossils containing preserved embryos.? ? Ichthyosaurs with embryos have been reported from 6 different levels of the shale in a small area around Holzmaden, suggesting that a specific site was used by large numbers of ichthyosaurs repeatedly over time. The embryos are quite advanced in their physical development; their paddles, for example, are already well formed. One specimen is even preserved in the birth canal. In addition, the shale contains the remains of many newborns that are between 20 and 30 inches long.? ? ?Why are there so many pregnant females and young at Holzmaden when they are so rare else-where? The quality of preservation is almost unmatched and quarry operations have been carried out carefully with an awareness of the value of the fossils. But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth.11【單選】All of the following are mentioned as factors that encourage fossilization except the?_____Aspeed of buryingBconditions of the waterCrate at which soft tissues decayDcause of death of the animal
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