? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Rare Fossil Record

? ? ?The preservation of embryos and juveniles is a rare occurrence in the fossil record. The tiny delicate skeletons are

usually scattered by scavengers(食腐動物)weathering before they can be fossilized Ichthyosaurs(魚龍) had a higher chance of being preserved than did terrestrial creatures be-cause, as marine animals, they tended to live in environments less

subject to erosion. Still, their fossilization required a suite of factors: a slow rate of decay of soft tissues, little scavenging by

other animals, a lack of swift currents and waves to jumble and carry away small bones, and fairly rapid burial. Given these

factors, some areas have become a treasury of well-preserved ichthyosaur fossils.

? ? The deposits at Holzmaden, Germany, present an interesting case for analysis. The ichthyosaur remains are found in

black, bituminous marine shales(頁巖)deposited about 190 million years ago. Over the years, thousands of specimens of

marine reptiles, fish and invertebrates have been recovered from these rocks. The quality of preservation is outstanding, but what is even more impressive is the number of ichthyosaur fossils containing preserved embryos.

? ? Ichthyosaurs with embryos have been reported from 6 different levels of the shale in a small area around Holzmaden,

suggesting that a specific site was used by large numbers of ichthyosaurs repeatedly over time. The embryos are quite

advanced in their physical development; their paddles, for example, are already well formed. One specimen is even

preserved in the birth canal. In addition, the shale contains the remains of many newborns that are between 20 and 30

inches long.

? ? ?Why are there so many pregnant females and young at Holzmaden when they are so rare else-where? The quality of

preservation is almost unmatched and quarry operations have been carried out carefully with an awareness of the value of

the fossils. But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of

pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth.