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? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Soot(煙灰) and Snow: a Hot Combination

【*】New research from NASA scientists suggests emissions (釋放) of black soot alter the way sunlight reflects off snow.

According to a computer simulation(模擬), black soot may be responsible for 25 percent of observed global warming over

the past century.

【*】Soot in the higher latitudes(緯度) of the Earth, where ice is more common, absorbs more of the sun s energy and
warmth than an icy, white background. Dark-colored black carbon, or soot, absorbs sunlight, while lighter colored ice reflects sunlight

【*】Soot in areas with snow and ice may play an important role in climate change. Also, if snow and ice covered areas begin melting, the warming effect increases, as the soot becomes more concentrated on the snow surface. This provides a positive feedback, as glaciers and ice sheet smelt, they tend to get even dirtier,"said Dr.James Hansen, a researcher at NASA's

Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York.

【*】Hansen found soot's effect on snow albedo(反照率)( solar energy reflected back to space), which may be contributing

to trends toward early springs in the Northern Hemisphere, such as thinning Arctic sea ice, melting glaciers and permafrost(永凍層). Soot also is believed to play a role in changes in the atmosphere above the oceans and land.

【*】"Black carbon reduces the amount of energy reflected by snow back into space, thus heating the snow surface more
than if there were no black carbon,"Hansen said. Soot's increased absorption of solar energy is especially effective in
warming the world’s climate."This forcing is unusually effective, causing twice as much global warming as a carbon-dioxide(二氧化碳) forcing of the same magnitude(量,大小),” Hansen noted.
【*】Hansen cautioned, although the role of soot in altering global climate is substantial, it does not alter the fact that greenhouse gases are the primary cause of climate warming during the past century. Such gases are expected to be the largest climate forcing for the rest of this century.
【*】The researchers found that observed warming in the Northern Hemisphere was large in the winter and spring at
middle and high latitudes. These observations were consistent with the researchers' elimate model simulations, which
showed some of the largest warming effects occurred when there were heavy snow cover and sufficient sunlight.
1

【單選】

Paragraph①_____

A

Soot's Role in Climate Changes Above Oceans and Land

B

Observations of Warming in the Northern Hemisphere

C

Explanation of Increased Warming Effect Caused by Soot

D

Black Soot in Snow and Icy Areas Leading to Climate Change

E

Black Soot Contributing to Global Warming

F

Greenhouse Gases as the Main Factor of Global Warming

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考點(diǎn)：概括段落大意和補(bǔ)全句子

段落大意概括類的題,一般需要尋找段落的關(guān)鍵句子或中心句以及關(guān)鍵詞。以下同此。從第一段的最后半句可以看出,黑煙灰也加劇了全球氣候變暖,應(yīng)該負(fù)25%左右的責(zé)任。

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材料全屏

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Soot(煙灰) and Snow: a Hot Combination

【*】New research from NASA scientists suggests emissions (釋放) of black soot alter the way sunlight reflects off snow.

According to a computer simulation(模擬), black soot may be responsible for 25 percent of observed global warming over

the past century.

【*】Soot in the higher latitudes(緯度) of the Earth, where ice is more common, absorbs more of the sun s energy and
warmth than an icy, white background. Dark-colored black carbon, or soot, absorbs sunlight, while lighter colored ice reflects sunlight

【*】Soot in areas with snow and ice may play an important role in climate change. Also, if snow and ice covered areas begin melting, the warming effect increases, as the soot becomes more concentrated on the snow surface. This provides a positive feedback, as glaciers and ice sheet smelt, they tend to get even dirtier,"said Dr.James Hansen, a researcher at NASA's

Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York.

【*】Hansen found soot's effect on snow albedo(反照率)( solar energy reflected back to space), which may be contributing

to trends toward early springs in the Northern Hemisphere, such as thinning Arctic sea ice, melting glaciers and permafrost(永凍層). Soot also is believed to play a role in changes in the atmosphere above the oceans and land.

【*】"Black carbon reduces the amount of energy reflected by snow back into space, thus heating the snow surface more
than if there were no black carbon,"Hansen said. Soot's increased absorption of solar energy is especially effective in
warming the world’s climate."This forcing is unusually effective, causing twice as much global warming as a carbon-dioxide(二氧化碳) forcing of the same magnitude(量,大小),” Hansen noted.
【*】Hansen cautioned, although the role of soot in altering global climate is substantial, it does not alter the fact that greenhouse gases are the primary cause of climate warming during the past century. Such gases are expected to be the largest climate forcing for the rest of this century.
【*】The researchers found that observed warming in the Northern Hemisphere was large in the winter and spring at
middle and high latitudes. These observations were consistent with the researchers' elimate model simulations, which
showed some of the largest warming effects occurred when there were heavy snow cover and sufficient sunlight.
1

【單選】

Paragraph①_____

A

Soot's Role in Climate Changes Above Oceans and Land

B

Observations of Warming in the Northern Hemisphere

C

Explanation of Increased Warming Effect Caused by Soot

D

Black Soot in Snow and Icy Areas Leading to Climate Change

E

Black Soot Contributing to Global Warming

F

Greenhouse Gases as the Main Factor of Global Warming

Paragraph③_____

A

Soot's Role in Climate Changes Above Oceans and Land

B

Observations of Warming in the Northern Hemisphere

C

Explanation of Increased Warming Effect Caused by Soot

D

Black Soot in Snow and Icy Areas Leading to Climate Change

E

Black Soot Contributing to Global Warming

F

Greenhouse Gases as the Main Factor of Global Warming

Paragraph④_____

A

Soot's Role in Climate Changes Above Oceans and Land

B

Observations of Warming in the Northern Hemisphere

C

Explanation of Increased Warming Effect Caused by Soot

D

Black Soot in Snow and Icy Areas Leading to Climate Change

E

Black Soot Contributing to Global Warming

F

Greenhouse Gases as the Main Factor of Global Warming

Paragraph⑥_____

A

Soot's Role in Climate Changes Above Oceans and Land

B

Observations of Warming in the Northern Hemisphere

C

Explanation of Increased Warming Effect Caused by Soot

D

Black Soot in Snow and Icy Areas Leading to Climate Change

E

Black Soot Contributing to Global Warming

F

Greenhouse Gases as the Main Factor of Global Warming

British people have the habit of reading newspapers in the______

A

a lot of money

B

express public feeling on local issues

C

morning

D

local people

E

national issues

F

local issues

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