簡述浮士德精神。
簡析《悲慘世界》的主題。
簡述當(dāng)代東方文學(xué)的基本特征。
簡述現(xiàn)代東方文學(xué)的基本特征。
簡述近代東方文學(xué)的基本特征。
簡述中古東方文學(xué)的基本特征。
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二、《浮士德》
（1）既受生命本能欲望的驅(qū)使，沉迷于對名利、權(quán)勢、地位和女人等現(xiàn)實(shí)欲望的追求，又能擺脫誘惑，勇于超越自我，不斷向更高的目標(biāo)奮進(jìn)。
（2）浮士德首先是普通人類的代表。
（3）浮士德在賭賽中取勝，以及靈魂的得救，主要是由于他的不竭奮斗的精神。
（4）這種自強(qiáng)不息、積極進(jìn)取、勇于探索的精神，就是所謂的浮士德精神。
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- 材料全屏? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Rare Fossil Record? ? ?The preservation of embryos and juveniles is a rare occurrence in the fossil record. The tiny delicate skeletons are usually scattered by scavengers(食腐動(dòng)物)weathering before they can be fossilized Ichthyosaurs(魚龍) had a higher chance of being preserved than did terrestrial creatures be-cause, as marine animals, they tended to live in environments less subject to erosion. Still, their fossilization required a suite of factors: a slow rate of decay of soft tissues, little scavenging by other animals, a lack of swift currents and waves to jumble and carry away small bones, and fairly rapid burial. Given these factors, some areas have become a treasury of well-preserved ichthyosaur fossils.? ? The deposits at Holzmaden, Germany, present an interesting case for analysis. The ichthyosaur remains are found in black, bituminous marine shales(頁巖)deposited about 190 million years ago. Over the years, thousands of specimens of marine reptiles, fish and invertebrates have been recovered from these rocks. The quality of preservation is outstanding, but what is even more impressive is the number of ichthyosaur fossils containing preserved embryos.? ? Ichthyosaurs with embryos have been reported from 6 different levels of the shale in a small area around Holzmaden, suggesting that a specific site was used by large numbers of ichthyosaurs repeatedly over time. The embryos are quite advanced in their physical development; their paddles, for example, are already well formed. One specimen is even preserved in the birth canal. In addition, the shale contains the remains of many newborns that are between 20 and 30 inches long.? ? ?Why are there so many pregnant females and young at Holzmaden when they are so rare else-where? The quality of preservation is almost unmatched and quarry operations have been carried out carefully with an awareness of the value of the fossils. But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth.11【單選】All of the following are mentioned as factors that encourage fossilization except the?_____Aspeed of buryingBconditions of the waterCrate at which soft tissues decayDcause of death of the animal
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