民間文學作品的科學寫定。
試析評書、評話的文化內(nèi)涵。
什么是民間說唱？民間說唱的特點有哪些？
論述民間說唱的源流。
論述民間說唱的特點。
結合具體作品，分析民間歌謠在抒情敘事方面的特征和表現(xiàn)。
題目
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一、民間文學作品的科學寫定
（1）原始完整的講唱記錄稿是寫定的基礎和前提，對原始記錄稿中部分不便于閱讀的口語進行必要的疏通，部分方言土語改用普通話轉(zhuǎn)述；
（2）對語言有殘缺或個別詞語不太合適的進行補充或修訂；
（3）對個別細節(jié)作些刪節(jié)或調(diào)整；
（4）對作品有關歷史背景，必須保留而又不易懂的方言土語加以解釋；
（5）對方言俗語、專門用語加以注釋，刪節(jié)記錄稿不必要的重復語言；
（6）修正語法錯誤，清理情節(jié)發(fā)展脈絡，更好地再現(xiàn)原始記錄稿的完美性；
（7）不能增加實質(zhì)性內(nèi)容，不能有重要的改動（主題、人物、情節(jié)、體裁），更好地體現(xiàn)原作。
多做幾道
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- 材料全屏? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Rare Fossil Record? ? ?The preservation of embryos and juveniles is a rare occurrence in the fossil record. The tiny delicate skeletons are usually scattered by scavengers(食腐動物)weathering before they can be fossilized Ichthyosaurs(魚龍) had a higher chance of being preserved than did terrestrial creatures be-cause, as marine animals, they tended to live in environments less subject to erosion. Still, their fossilization required a suite of factors: a slow rate of decay of soft tissues, little scavenging by other animals, a lack of swift currents and waves to jumble and carry away small bones, and fairly rapid burial. Given these factors, some areas have become a treasury of well-preserved ichthyosaur fossils.? ? The deposits at Holzmaden, Germany, present an interesting case for analysis. The ichthyosaur remains are found in black, bituminous marine shales(頁巖)deposited about 190 million years ago. Over the years, thousands of specimens of marine reptiles, fish and invertebrates have been recovered from these rocks. The quality of preservation is outstanding, but what is even more impressive is the number of ichthyosaur fossils containing preserved embryos.? ? Ichthyosaurs with embryos have been reported from 6 different levels of the shale in a small area around Holzmaden, suggesting that a specific site was used by large numbers of ichthyosaurs repeatedly over time. The embryos are quite advanced in their physical development; their paddles, for example, are already well formed. One specimen is even preserved in the birth canal. In addition, the shale contains the remains of many newborns that are between 20 and 30 inches long.? ? ?Why are there so many pregnant females and young at Holzmaden when they are so rare else-where? The quality of preservation is almost unmatched and quarry operations have been carried out carefully with an awareness of the value of the fossils. But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth.11【單選】All of the following are mentioned as factors that encourage fossilization except the?_____Aspeed of buryingBconditions of the waterCrate at which soft tissues decayDcause of death of the animal
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