簡述陳子昂的詩歌革新理論。
簡述龔自珍的論詩標(biāo)準(zhǔn)“完”。
簡述王世禛的神韻說。
簡述袁宏道論詩“變”之內(nèi)涵。
簡述元好問《論詩三十首》的詩學(xué)理論。
簡述嚴(yán)羽“別材別趣”說。
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陳子昂《與東方左史虬修竹篇序》
陳子昂的詩歌革新理論重點是“風(fēng)骨”與“興寄；陳子昂將“風(fēng)骨”作為一個整體概念,以“骨氣”為核心 ,偏重于魏征所說的“詞義貞剛,重乎氣質(zhì)”和楊炯“壯而不虛”、“按而彌堅”,以與“彩麗競繁”形成明顯的區(qū)別?！缎拗衿分械摹靶拗瘛本褪求w現(xiàn)“風(fēng)骨”的一個意象；所謂“興寄”,就是詩要有為而發(fā),情有所寄托,“托物起興”,“因物喻志”,無輕浮虛飾之跡?！缎拗衿诽幪幖耐辛嗽娙伺c世俗不合的憂憤情思,南岳修竹的風(fēng)骨實質(zhì)上也暗示了詩人的人格理想與審美理想,以及欲超世脫俗的愿望。
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- 材料全屏? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Rare Fossil Record? ? ?The preservation of embryos and juveniles is a rare occurrence in the fossil record. The tiny delicate skeletons are usually scattered by scavengers(食腐動物)weathering before they can be fossilized Ichthyosaurs(魚龍) had a higher chance of being preserved than did terrestrial creatures be-cause, as marine animals, they tended to live in environments less subject to erosion. Still, their fossilization required a suite of factors: a slow rate of decay of soft tissues, little scavenging by other animals, a lack of swift currents and waves to jumble and carry away small bones, and fairly rapid burial. Given these factors, some areas have become a treasury of well-preserved ichthyosaur fossils.? ? The deposits at Holzmaden, Germany, present an interesting case for analysis. The ichthyosaur remains are found in black, bituminous marine shales(頁巖)deposited about 190 million years ago. Over the years, thousands of specimens of marine reptiles, fish and invertebrates have been recovered from these rocks. The quality of preservation is outstanding, but what is even more impressive is the number of ichthyosaur fossils containing preserved embryos.? ? Ichthyosaurs with embryos have been reported from 6 different levels of the shale in a small area around Holzmaden, suggesting that a specific site was used by large numbers of ichthyosaurs repeatedly over time. The embryos are quite advanced in their physical development; their paddles, for example, are already well formed. One specimen is even preserved in the birth canal. In addition, the shale contains the remains of many newborns that are between 20 and 30 inches long.? ? ?Why are there so many pregnant females and young at Holzmaden when they are so rare else-where? The quality of preservation is almost unmatched and quarry operations have been carried out carefully with an awareness of the value of the fossils. But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth.11【單選】All of the following are mentioned as factors that encourage fossilization except the?_____Aspeed of buryingBconditions of the waterCrate at which soft tissues decayDcause of death of the animal
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