試論王充《論衡·超奇》中品評作家的標準。
論述王國維關(guān)于造境、寫境的觀點。
論述《儒林外史序》對小說主題與藝術(shù)的分析。
論述王驥德《曲律》的戲劇理論主張。
論述張炎《詞源》的評詞標準。
論述嚴羽的“妙悟說”。
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《論衡·超奇》
（1）王充認為品評作者的高下不能以讀書多少作為標準而應(yīng)看他是否“博通能用”。王充一反流俗，提出“貴其能用”的主張。他的這種崇實尚用的觀點雖然針對的是論說文、史傳文，但他把辭賦家屈原也同樣歸入超奇之士中，表明他的這一觀點也同樣適用于文學。此觀點對漢代的浮夸虛誕文風、“勸百諷一”辭賦具有針砭作用，對后來的文學發(fā)展也有其積極意義。
（2）另外，在評價作者問題上，王充反對崇古非今的傾向，提出以時代作為區(qū)分，而以“優(yōu)者為高，明者為上”。
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- 材料全屏? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Rare Fossil Record? ? ?The preservation of embryos and juveniles is a rare occurrence in the fossil record. The tiny delicate skeletons are usually scattered by scavengers(食腐動物)weathering before they can be fossilized Ichthyosaurs(魚龍) had a higher chance of being preserved than did terrestrial creatures be-cause, as marine animals, they tended to live in environments less subject to erosion. Still, their fossilization required a suite of factors: a slow rate of decay of soft tissues, little scavenging by other animals, a lack of swift currents and waves to jumble and carry away small bones, and fairly rapid burial. Given these factors, some areas have become a treasury of well-preserved ichthyosaur fossils.? ? The deposits at Holzmaden, Germany, present an interesting case for analysis. The ichthyosaur remains are found in black, bituminous marine shales(頁巖)deposited about 190 million years ago. Over the years, thousands of specimens of marine reptiles, fish and invertebrates have been recovered from these rocks. The quality of preservation is outstanding, but what is even more impressive is the number of ichthyosaur fossils containing preserved embryos.? ? Ichthyosaurs with embryos have been reported from 6 different levels of the shale in a small area around Holzmaden, suggesting that a specific site was used by large numbers of ichthyosaurs repeatedly over time. The embryos are quite advanced in their physical development; their paddles, for example, are already well formed. One specimen is even preserved in the birth canal. In addition, the shale contains the remains of many newborns that are between 20 and 30 inches long.? ? ?Why are there so many pregnant females and young at Holzmaden when they are so rare else-where? The quality of preservation is almost unmatched and quarry operations have been carried out carefully with an awareness of the value of the fossils. But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth.11【單選】All of the following are mentioned as factors that encourage fossilization except the?_____Aspeed of buryingBconditions of the waterCrate at which soft tissues decayDcause of death of the animal
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