論述司空圖“韻味說”。
論述王國維關(guān)于造境、寫境的觀點(diǎn)。
論述《儒林外史序》對小說主題與藝術(shù)的分析。
論述王驥德《曲律》的戲劇理論主張。
論述張炎《詞源》的評詞標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
論述嚴(yán)羽的“妙悟說”。
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《與李生論詩書》
作者著重從韻味的角度來談詩歌意境的創(chuàng)造，即認(rèn)為好詩必須有“韻外之致”、“味外之旨”；這種韻味，不僅存在于風(fēng)格“澄?！钡脑娭?，而且也存在于風(fēng)格“遒舉”的篇章。司空圖的韻味說影響了宋人嚴(yán)羽的妙悟說和清人王士禛的神韻說；司空圖的韻味說重在藝術(shù)特征的探索，接觸到形象思維問題，但也存在重大缺陷：在形象思維與現(xiàn)實(shí)生活的關(guān)系問題上，司空圖或是深不下去，或是論而不當(dāng)，從理論上助長了脫離現(xiàn)實(shí)的不良風(fēng)氣。
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- 材料全屏? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Rare Fossil Record? ? ?The preservation of embryos and juveniles is a rare occurrence in the fossil record. The tiny delicate skeletons are usually scattered by scavengers(食腐動(dòng)物)weathering before they can be fossilized Ichthyosaurs(魚龍) had a higher chance of being preserved than did terrestrial creatures be-cause, as marine animals, they tended to live in environments less subject to erosion. Still, their fossilization required a suite of factors: a slow rate of decay of soft tissues, little scavenging by other animals, a lack of swift currents and waves to jumble and carry away small bones, and fairly rapid burial. Given these factors, some areas have become a treasury of well-preserved ichthyosaur fossils.? ? The deposits at Holzmaden, Germany, present an interesting case for analysis. The ichthyosaur remains are found in black, bituminous marine shales(頁巖)deposited about 190 million years ago. Over the years, thousands of specimens of marine reptiles, fish and invertebrates have been recovered from these rocks. The quality of preservation is outstanding, but what is even more impressive is the number of ichthyosaur fossils containing preserved embryos.? ? Ichthyosaurs with embryos have been reported from 6 different levels of the shale in a small area around Holzmaden, suggesting that a specific site was used by large numbers of ichthyosaurs repeatedly over time. The embryos are quite advanced in their physical development; their paddles, for example, are already well formed. One specimen is even preserved in the birth canal. In addition, the shale contains the remains of many newborns that are between 20 and 30 inches long.? ? ?Why are there so many pregnant females and young at Holzmaden when they are so rare else-where? The quality of preservation is almost unmatched and quarry operations have been carried out carefully with an awareness of the value of the fossils. But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth.11【單選】All of the following are mentioned as factors that encourage fossilization except the?_____Aspeed of buryingBconditions of the waterCrate at which soft tissues decayDcause of death of the animal
- Which of the following is true of the fossil deposits discussed in the passage?_____AThey include examples of newly discovered species.BThey contain large numbers of well-preserved specimens.CThey are older than fossils found in other places.DThey have been analyzed more carefully than other fossils.