簡述合作原則和禮貌原則的內(nèi)容。
簡述語言和民族文化的相互作用。
語言內(nèi)部的詞義形成從哪些方面受到民族文化的影響？
簡述語素義和詞義之間的關(guān)系。
為什么說在論元結(jié)構(gòu)中謂詞是處于支配地位的核心成分?
舉例說明音位和音素的區(qū)別。
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3.1“合作原則”和“禮貌原則”
合作原則的內(nèi)容:
(1)質(zhì)量準(zhǔn)則:要說真話,不說假話和無根據(jù)的話；
(2)數(shù)量準(zhǔn)則:提供的信息要適量,不多也不少；
(3)相關(guān)準(zhǔn)則:要說跟話題有關(guān)的話,不說無關(guān)的話；
(4)方式準(zhǔn)則:說話要清楚明了,簡潔有條理且沒有歧義。
禮貌原則的內(nèi)容：
(1)得體和慷慨，即要求會(huì)話中盡量避免有損于他人和有利于自己的表達(dá)；
(2)贊譽(yù)和謙遜，即要求在會(huì)話中盡量少贊譽(yù)自己，要多贊譽(yù)對(duì)方；
(3)一致和同情,即要求在會(huì)話中盡量減少或避免與對(duì)方出現(xiàn)分歧和對(duì)立,增加相互的一致性和共同點(diǎn)。
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- 材料全屏? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Rare Fossil Record? ? ?The preservation of embryos and juveniles is a rare occurrence in the fossil record. The tiny delicate skeletons are usually scattered by scavengers(食腐動(dòng)物)weathering before they can be fossilized Ichthyosaurs(魚龍) had a higher chance of being preserved than did terrestrial creatures be-cause, as marine animals, they tended to live in environments less subject to erosion. Still, their fossilization required a suite of factors: a slow rate of decay of soft tissues, little scavenging by other animals, a lack of swift currents and waves to jumble and carry away small bones, and fairly rapid burial. Given these factors, some areas have become a treasury of well-preserved ichthyosaur fossils.? ? The deposits at Holzmaden, Germany, present an interesting case for analysis. The ichthyosaur remains are found in black, bituminous marine shales(頁巖)deposited about 190 million years ago. Over the years, thousands of specimens of marine reptiles, fish and invertebrates have been recovered from these rocks. The quality of preservation is outstanding, but what is even more impressive is the number of ichthyosaur fossils containing preserved embryos.? ? Ichthyosaurs with embryos have been reported from 6 different levels of the shale in a small area around Holzmaden, suggesting that a specific site was used by large numbers of ichthyosaurs repeatedly over time. The embryos are quite advanced in their physical development; their paddles, for example, are already well formed. One specimen is even preserved in the birth canal. In addition, the shale contains the remains of many newborns that are between 20 and 30 inches long.? ? ?Why are there so many pregnant females and young at Holzmaden when they are so rare else-where? The quality of preservation is almost unmatched and quarry operations have been carried out carefully with an awareness of the value of the fossils. But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth.11【單選】All of the following are mentioned as factors that encourage fossilization except the?_____Aspeed of buryingBconditions of the waterCrate at which soft tissues decayDcause of death of the animal
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