快速查題-中學(xué)教師資格證試題

? ? ? Early in the age of affluence that followed World War II, an American retailing analyst named Victor Lebow proclaimed,

“Our enormously productive economy... demands that we make consumption our way of life, that we convert the buying and

use of Eoods into rituals, that we seek our spiritual satisfaction, our ego satisfaction, in consumption...We need things

consumed, burned up, worn out, replaced and discarded at an ever increasing rate.”

? ? ?Americans have responded to Lebow’s call, and much of the world has followed. Consumption has become a central pillar of life in industrial lands and is even embedded in social values.

? ? ?Opinion surveys in the world’s two largest economies-Japan and the United States-show consumerist definitions of

success becoming ever more prevalent.

? ? ?Overconsumption by the world’s fortunate is an environmental problem unmatched in severity by anything but perhaps

population growth. Their surging exploitation of resources threatens to exhaust or unalterably spoil forests, soils, water, air and climate.

? ? ?Ironically, high consumption may be a mixed blessing in human terms, too. The time-honored values of integrity of

character, good work, friendship, family and community have often been sacrificed in the rush to riches. Thus many in the ?

industrial lands have a sense that their world, of plenty is somehow hollow-that, misled by a consumerist culture, they have

been fruitlessly attempting to satisfy what are essentially social, psychological and spiritual needs with material things.

? ? ?Of course, the opposite of overconsumption-poverty-is no solution to either environmental or human problems. It is infinitely worse for people and bad for the natural world too. Dispossessed peasants slash-and-burn their way into the rain forests of

Latin American, and hungry nomads turn their herds out onto fragile African grassland, reducing it to desert. If environmental

destruction results when people have either too little or too much, we are left to wonder how much is enough. What level of

consumption can the earth support? When does having more cease to add noticeably to human satisfaction?

? ? ? ?There is a certain inevitability that ebook sales have now overtaken paperback sales on Amazon’s US site. Amazon’s

Kindle 2 is so light and so cheap that it’s easy to see why people have rushed to buy it. Though I’m still not keen on the design of the Kindle, it is a vast improvement on its predecessor and certainly tolerable. Beyond the device itself, Amazon has done a great job of rolling out Kindle apps, ensuring that people like me-who have an iPad but not a Kindle can still join in the fun.

Once you’re into the Kindle ecosystem, Amazon locks you in tightly-just as Apple does with its iTunes/ iPod ecosystem. It’s so easy to buy from Amazon’s store and the books are so cheap that it’s not worth the effort of going elsewhere.

? ? ? ?While I remain opposed to Amazon’s DRM (數(shù)字版權(quán)管理)-indeed, I’m opposed to DRM on any ebooks-I have to admit

that the implementation is so smooth that most Kindle users won’t care at all that their ebooks can’t be moved to other

devices.

　　The ebook trend is nowhere near peaking. Over the next five years we can expect to see more and more readers move away from printed books and pick up ebooks instead. But I don’t think that will mean the death of the printed book.

　　There are some who prefer printed books. They like having shelves filled with books they’ve read and books they plan to

read; they like the feel of the book in their hands and the different weights and typefaces and layouts of different titles. In other words, they like the physical form of the book almost as much as the words it contains.

　　I can sympathize with those people. As I wrote earlier this week, my ideal situation would be for publishers to bundle

e-books with printed ones-in much the same way that film studio DVDs with digital copies of films. There’s no reason to think

that lovers of printed books will change their minds. There will undoubtedly be fewer of them as time goes by because more

people will grow up with ebooks and spend little time with printed ones. However, just as there are people who love vinyl

records(黑膠唱片), even if they were born well into the CD era, there will still be a dedicated minority who love physical books.

　　Since there are fewer of these people, that will mean fewer bookshops and higher prices for printed books but I don’t think the picture is entirely bleak. There is scope for smaller print runs of lavishly designed printed books and bookshops aimed at

book lovers, rather than the Stieg Larsson-reading masses. With mainstream readers out of the printed book market,

booklovers might even find they get a better experience.